Influence of social media and the digital environment on international migration of health workforce from low- and middle-income countries post COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review protocol.

Abstract

Introduction: Migration of the health workforce from low- and middle-income countries (LMCIs) is increasingly becoming a phenomenon of interest within migration governance systems. The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated health workforce shortages that have created job opportunities in high-income countries such as the USA, UK, Canada, and Germany, among others. Conditions of service in LMCIs are unattractive, leading to the search for better opportunities. The digital environment is becoming one of the facilitators of migration intentions due to the activities of recruitment agencies and the search for job opportunities on the World Wide Web. The digital environment creates opportunities for migration but also poses a security threat, economic loss, and a brain drain to departure countries. However, there is a paucity of evidence on how the proliferation of advertisements on health workforce recruitment within social media, unsolicited emails, and activities of recruitment agencies in the digital environment influence the migration of the health workforce and the implications of migration governance. Method and analysis: This scoping review protocol describes a comprehensive systematic extraction and examination of existing literature to map key concepts and identify previous literature, noting the gaps in how social media and the digital environment are influencing the migration of the health workforce. We lean on Arksey and O'Malley’s scoping framework in developing this protocol. This involves the following: identifying research questions, searching for the literature, selecting articles or studies, charting the data, and organizing and reporting the outcome of the review. The review question is informed by the population, concept, and context framework, which details the population as the health workforce (doctors, nurses, midwives, and pharmacists), the key concepts as migration, social media, and digital environment, and the context as LMICs. The search strategy was developed with the assistance of an experienced librarian who will work with the team to conduct a peer review of electronic search strategies to evaluate titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. Additionally, we will search grey literature sources including online news media, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter), web pages of WHO, UN, and migration-related agencies, and interfaces like EBSCO host. Two members of the team will screen titles and abstracts, and all team members will screen full text for data extraction. Data from grey sources will be converted to transcripts, coded, and grouped into themes and subthemes consistent with thematic analysis strategies. All authors will be involved in the synthesis of the data. We intend to follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines in reporting the outcome of peer-review sources. Ethics and dissemination: This is a scoping review protocol that addresses a subject of interest that poses no risk to individuals or groups. All the information will be retrieved from open sources only. The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework registry (osf. oi/ zan3q) to serve as an audit trail. Reports from the review will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences.

Description

This is a journal article by Dzansi et al. (2024). It presents a scoping review protocol aimed at exploring the influence of social media and the digital environment on the international migration of the health workforce from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to high-income countries (HICs) following the COVID-19 pandemic. The study addresses the growing phenomenon of health workforce migration, exacerbated by the pandemic, which has created job opportunities in HICs due to workforce shortages. The digital environment, including social media platforms and recruitment agencies, plays a significant role in facilitating migration intentions, but it also raises concerns about ethical recruitment practices, economic losses, and brain drain in LMICs. The authors plan to conduct a scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley’s framework, which involves identifying research questions, searching for relevant literature, selecting studies, charting data, and reporting findings. The review will focus on the migration of doctors, nurses, midwives, and pharmacists from LMICs, examining how digital platforms and social media influence migration decisions and the implications for migration governance. The study will include data from academic databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus) and grey literature sources (e.g., social media platforms, WHO reports). The protocol highlights the lack of existing reviews on this topic and aims to fill this gap by mapping key concepts and identifying research gaps. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conferences, with the goal of informing policies and strategies to strengthen ethical migration practices in line with the WHO’s code of practice on international recruitment of health personnel. The study does not involve human subjects, and all data will be sourced from publicly available materials.

Keywords

Health workforce migration, Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), High-income countries (HICs), Recruitment strategies, Brain drain, COVID-19 pandemic

Citation

Dzansi, G., Abdul-Mumim, A., Menkah, W., Ametefe, V., Xatse, E., & Azanku, B. A. (2024). Influence of social media and the digital environment on international migration of health workforce from low-and middle-income countries post COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review protocol. BMJ open, 14(10), e087213.